World leaders have gathered at a Swiss Alpine resort to seek broader consensus for Ukraine’s peace proposals at a summit shunned by China and dismissed as a waste of time by Russia, which pushed its own rival ceasefire plans.
More than 90 countries will take part, with Taoiseach Simon Harris also in attendance.
But China’s absence in particular dimmed hopes the summit would show Russia as globally isolated, while recent military reverses have put Kyiv on the back foot.
The war in Gaza between Israel and Hamas has also diverted the world’s attention from Ukraine.
The talks focused on broader concerns prompted by the war, such as food and nuclear security.
But Turkey and Saudi Arabia said meaningful progress required Russia’s participation.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky described the wide attendance as a success and predicted “history being made”.
“Today is the day when the world begins to bring a just peace closer,” he told leaders assembled around a table.
US President Joe Biden sent Vice President Kamala Harris to represent him – a decision that had Kyiv disagreed with.
Ms Harris announced more than $1.5 billion (€1.4 billion) in energy and humanitarian aid for Ukraine, where infrastructure has been pounded by Russian airstrikes since the 2022 invasion.
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On the eve of the summit, Mr Putin said Russia would end the war if Kyiv agreed to drop its NATO ambitions and hand over four provinces claimed by Moscow.
The conditions apparently reflected Moscow’s growing confidence its forces have the upper hand.
But they were swiftly rejected by Ukraine and its allies.
“He’s calling for surrender,” Ms Harris said, adding: “Let nothing about the end of this war be decided without Ukraine.”
“Freezing the conflict today, with foreign troops occupying Ukrainian land, is not the answer,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said.
“It is a recipe for future wars of aggression,” she added.
China said it would boycott the event after Russia was frozen out of the process, with the US suggesting Beijing’s decision was taken at Moscow’s behest.
“Putin has no interest in a genuine peace,” British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said.
“He has launched a sustained diplomatic campaign against this summit ordering countries to stay away, spinning a phoney narrative about his willingness to negotiate,” he added.
Avoiding some of the most difficult issues, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz compared the summit to “a small plant that needs watering, nurturing and delicate care” that would yield results further down the line.
But countries including Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Kenya noted Russia’s absence as a hurdle.
“I must also note that this summit could have been more result-oriented if the other party to the conflict, Russia, was present in the room,” Turkey’s Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said.
Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al-Saud said credible talks would involve “difficult compromise”.
Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer saw an opportunity to start building a broader global consensus to pressure Russia.
“It’s like we’re in a Western echo chamber. That is: all Western European countries, the USA, we agree on what we want to happen with Ukraine,” Mr Nehammer said.
“But that alone is not enough,” he added.
Supporters of Ukraine are marking the talks with a series of events in the nearby city of Lucerne to draw attention to the war’s humanitarian costs.
Dozens of Ukrainian refugees from choirs around Switzerland converged in a public square to sing Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy”.
Earlier about 250 people gathered in the centre of the city, many wrapped in Ukrainian flags, wearing traditional clothes and carrying pictures of missing brothers, husbands or sons as they shared their stories.
“I’m clinging to the idea that my husband is still alive,” Svitlana Bilous said, the wife of a soldier who has been missing for more than 14 months.
“That’s what keeps me going.”
At the peace summit, Mr Harris described Russia’s forced displacement of thousands of Ukrainian children as “morally repugnant”.
He added: “When did it ever become acceptable for children to be used as a weapon of war.
“I want to major on this point in terms of what more the world can do to apply pressure to Russia in relation to this.”
Read more: Can Ukraine find peace on a Swiss mountain?